Evaluating the Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome in Patients With Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis and Renal Cell Carcinoma

Inclusion Criteria:

Adults that are able to consent (≥ 18 years of age)
No history of asymptomatic bacteriuria or Urinary Tract Infection within the past 1 month
No history of coagulopathy and not on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication at the time of surgery.
For patients with urolithiasis, must not have a history of RCC
For patients with RCC, must not have a history of urolithiasis
Controls must have no history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection (within 1 month).
For all participants, no antimicrobial treatment within the past month

Exclusion Criteria:

Adults unable to consent
For patients with urolithiasis, technical difficulty in taking renal papillae biopsy.
History of urinary tract infection within the past 1 month
History of coagulopathy and on anticoagulants or antiplatelets that could not be stopped perioperatively.
Patients with nephrolithiasis and renal tumors with positive preoperative urine cultures- suggesting asymptomatic bacteriuria.
For patients with urolithiasis, a history of RCC
For patients with RCC, a history of urolithiasis
Controls who have a history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection.
For all participants, antimicrobial treatment within the past month.