Side Effects of Radiation Therapy
- While radiotherapy is effective in slowing tumor growth and improving symptoms, it can also cause side effects.
- Common acute, or short-term, side effects include: fatigue, hair loss, skin reactions, headaches, nausea/vomiting, cognitive changes, and swelling.
- Common late side effects, or side effects that develop later on, include: memory/cognitive issues, hormonal changes, hearing or vision changes, seizures, and a condition known as radiation necrosis.
- There are treatments and interventions your doctor can prescribe to reduce the likelihood of side effects or make them easier to manage, so make sure you tell your doctor about any new symptoms.
These effects are typically categorized into two types: acute side effects, which occur during or shortly after treatment, and late side effects, which can appear months or even years later.
Read MoreAs a patient, the important thing to remember is to know your normal.
“If anything feels abnormal to you that you’re not used to, it’s important to bring that to the attention of your doctor so that we can at least try to investigate why it’s happening, where it’s coming from, and try to address it,” Dr. Jean Baptiste adds.
Acute Side Effects of Radiotherapy
Acute side effects occur during treatment and may last up to three months after radiation therapy ends. These side effects happen because radiation affects not only cancer cells but also healthy tissues in the treatment area.
The severity and type of side effects depend on factors such as radiation dose, treatment area, and individual health.
Common acute side effects include:
- Fatigue: This is one of the most common side effects of radiation therapy. It can range from mild tiredness to severe exhaustion and often worsens as treatment progresses and gradually improves after therapy ends.
- Hair Loss (Alopecia): If radiation is targeted at the brain, hair loss may occur in the treated area. Hair may regrow after treatment, but in some cases, it may be thinner or have a different texture.
- Skin Reactions: The skin in the treated area may become red, dry, itchy, or irritated. Some patients experience peeling, darkening, or sensitivity similar to a sunburn.
- Headaches: These can occur due to inflammation in the brain caused by radiation. Headaches may be mild or more severe, requiring medical management.
- Nausea and Vomiting: These side effects are more common when radiation is directed at areas near the brainstem. It can be worsened by swelling in the brain.
- Cognitive Changes: Some patients experience difficulty with memory, concentration, or problem-solving. These changes are usually temporary but can be distressing.
- Swelling in the Brain (Edema): Radiation can cause inflammation, leading to increased pressure inside the skull. Symptoms include headaches, nausea, confusion, and worsening neurological symptoms.
Managing Acute Side Effects
Your healthcare team will work closely with you to manage these side effects and improve your comfort during treatment.
Here are some methods your doctor may recommend or prescribe to help with common side effects.
- Fatigue: Patients should rest as needed, engage in light exercise, and maintain a balanced diet. Short naps and pacing activities can help conserve energy. “I always recommend my patients try to stay as active as possible — and that includes going on daily walks, try to do your chores, going to the grocery store, cook if you can, anything that you can do, try to do it and try to stay active,” Dr. Jean-Baptiste explains.
- Hair Loss: Using gentle hair care products and protecting your scalp from the sun can help. Patients may also consider using scarves or wigs if desired.
- Skin Care: Patients should avoid harsh soaps, moisturize with gentle, fragrance-free lotions, and wear loose-fitting clothing to minimize irritation.
- Headaches and Swelling: Your doctor may prescribe steroids, such as dexamethasone, to reduce inflammation and relieve pressure.
- Nausea and Vomiting: Medications like anti-nausea drugs (ondansetron) can help. Eating small, frequent meals and staying hydrated may also alleviate symptoms.
- Cognitive Changes: Brain exercises, memory aids, and discussing concerns with your doctor can help improve cognitive function.
Late Side Effects of Radiotherapy
Late side effects may develop months or even years after radiation therapy. These effects result from long-term damage to healthy tissues exposed to radiation. While not all patients experience late effects, it’s important to be aware of them and discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider.
Common late side effects include:
- Memory and Cognitive Issues: Some patients experience persistent difficulties with memory, attention, or problem-solving. This condition is sometimes called radiation-induced cognitive decline.
- Hormonal Changes: If radiation affects the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, hormone imbalances can occur. This may lead to fatigue, weight changes, or difficulty regulating body temperature.
- Hearing Loss: Radiation near the ear or auditory nerves can lead to gradual hearing impairment. Some patients experience ringing in the ears (tinnitus).
- Vision Problems: If radiation affects the optic nerves, vision changes or loss may develop over time. Regular eye exams are important for monitoring any changes.
- Seizures: Some patients may develop seizures due to scar tissue forming in the brain after radiation therapy. Anti-seizure medications may be needed for management.
- Radiation Necrosis: This is a rare but serious complication where radiation-damaged brain tissue forms a mass, leading to swelling and neurological symptoms. It can be treated with steroids, surgery, or advanced therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Managing Late Side Effects
If you experience late side effects, several treatment options can help improve your quality of life:
- Cognitive Rehabilitation: Memory training, brain exercises, and occupational therapy can assist with cognitive challenges.
- Hormone Therapy: If hormone levels are affected, your doctor may recommend hormone replacement therapy.
- Hearing Aids or Cochlear Implants: If hearing loss develops, audiology specialists can provide assistance.
- Eye Care: Regular check-ups with an ophthalmologist can help monitor and manage vision issues.
- Seizure Management: Anti-seizure medications may be prescribed to control symptoms.
- Radiation Necrosis Treatment: In cases of significant tissue damage, steroids, surgery, or specialized therapies may be considered.
Navigating Treatment with Confidence
Radiotherapy is a critical part of glioma treatment and can significantly slow tumor progression and improve symptoms. While side effects can be challenging, knowing what to expect and how to manage them can help you navigate treatment with confidence.
It’s important to maintain open communication with your healthcare team. If you experience any new or worsening symptoms, don’t hesitate to ask for guidance. Support groups, counseling, and patient advocacy organizations can also provide emotional and practical support during your journey.
By staying informed and working closely with your medical team, you can take proactive steps to manage side effects and maintain the best possible quality of life throughout and after treatment.
Questions to Ask Your Doctor
- What sort of short-term side effects should I expect?
- Can we do anything to try to mitigate side effects beforehand?
- What sort of side effects should I monitor for after treatment?
- Are there interventions you recommend to reduce the likelihood of late effects?
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