Novel Clinical Utility of Retinal Imaging in Patients With Heart Failure

This is a human study to test the hypothesis that the degree of abnormality in retinal vessels is associated with heart failure disease severity, endothelial/microvascular dysfunction, and, potentially, treatment responses. Previous epidemiology studies have shown an association between ophthalmic measurements like retinal vessel caliber, retinal microvascular signs, and retinopathy diagnosed from conventional digitized retinal imaging, and the risk of heart failure, as well as alterations in left ventricular structure and function, and even altered filling pressure. Automatic detection software for retinal vessel caliber measurement is widely available, and deep learning algorithms have already enabled reliable detection of retinopathy from captured retinal images. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an imaging technology that allows for noninvasive, non-contact, high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of tissue in real time (1). OCT angiography is a new development in OCT imaging that provides visualization of microvascular flow in the retinae of human eyes without the need for intravenous injection of a contrast dye. Several OCT angiography (OCTA) methods allow for three-dimensional noninvasive microvascular visualization. The Zeiss® VisuScout 100, used in the pilot phase of the study, is a handheld retinal camera, commercially available and is already in clinical use at the Cleveland Clinic by Cole Eye Institute specialists for bedside consultations. However, the use of retinal imaging in risk stratifying cardiovascular diseases is unknown, in large part because routine capturing of these images at the point of care is not performed. Novel applications of this non-invasive screening strategy beyond routine ophthalmology-based evaluation may pave the way to scalable population health screening or disease monitoring initiatives. We have established laboratory procedures and equipment for all proposed biomarker evaluations and have published work supporting their mechanistic link to pathophysiologic processes.