The purpose of the study is to identify bacterial and fungal microbiome associated with calcium oxalate (CO) urolithiasis and renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Adults that are able to consent (≥ 18 years of age) No history of asymptomatic bacteriuria or Urinary Tract Infection within the past 1 month No history of coagulopathy and not on anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication at the time of surgery. For patients with urolithiasis, must not have a history of RCC For patients with RCC, must not have a history of urolithiasis Controls must have no history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection (within 1 month). For all participants, no antimicrobial treatment within the past month
Exclusion Criteria:
Adults unable to consent For patients with urolithiasis, technical difficulty in taking renal papillae biopsy. History of urinary tract infection within the past 1 month History of coagulopathy and on anticoagulants or antiplatelets that could not be stopped perioperatively. Patients with nephrolithiasis and renal tumors with positive preoperative urine cultures- suggesting asymptomatic bacteriuria. For patients with urolithiasis, a history of RCC For patients with RCC, a history of urolithiasis Controls who have a history of stones, RCC, or urinary tract infection. For all participants, antimicrobial treatment within the past month.
